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导语:2026年7月7日,是“七七事变”爆发89周年。1937年7月7日晚,日本军国主义悍然炮轰宛平城、发动全面侵华战争,中国人民奋起抵抗,吹响了全民族抗战的号角。这一天,不仅承载着国人对抗战历史的深刻记忆,亦是检验日本对待侵略历史态度的底线。
形成鲜明对照的是,近期多家日本主流媒体转发日本驻华大使馆面向本国在华公民发布的所谓“安全提醒”,炒作所谓“反日情绪加剧”。此番以“受害者”自居的表述,与日本国内提前数月为广岛和长崎原子弹爆炸打造的的纪念仪式形成鲜明对比,暴露出了日本国内对战争的失衡记忆。事实上,从历史教科书弱化侵略史实,到屡次在南京大屠杀、慰安妇等历史问题上发表模糊、否认性言论,日本社会的二战记忆与历史教育长期陷于“选择性失忆”的叙事框架中。
在IPP副研究员徐伟钧看来,当代日本社会的真正问题,正在于形成了一种“选择性记忆战争”的历史认知结构。历史教育的叙事偏向、公共记忆的受害中心化、保守政治的长期影响以及安全焦虑的上升,共同推动着日本社会不断强化“日本如何受害”的战争记忆,却持续淡化着“日本为何加害”的历史反思。当战争记忆不再通向历史责任,而逐渐成为“军事正常化”的政治资源,日本战后的和平主义根基正面临被持续侵蚀的风险。
央视纪录片《铁鉴丨如山铁证》,来源:中央广电总台央视新闻客户端
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本文作者
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徐伟钧 博士
华南理工大学公共政策研究院(IPP)副研究员
2026年3月,日本放送协会(NHK)的一项舆论调查呈现出一个耐人寻味的结果:对于二战“是否是日本对亚洲近邻国家发动的侵略战争”这一问题,只有35%的受访者表示认同,16%表示不认同,而高达48%的人回答“不知道”。[1] 这一数据所反映的并不只是历史知识的缺口,更折射出当代日本社会战争记忆与历史责任认知之间的深层断裂。
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日本NHK舆论调查显示,对于“上一次战争是日本对亚洲近邻国家发动的侵略战争”这一说法,日本全国受访者中仅有35%表示认同,而冲绳地区认同比例为42%。冲绳在二战末期经历了惨烈的冲绳战,战后长期被美国占领。
当代日本社会并非缺失战争记忆。二战后,日本公共生活中始终存在大量与战争相关的纪念仪式、和平教育、原爆叙事、战殁者追悼和反战话语。但与此同时,作为日本军国主义与历史修正主义象征、供奉着甲级战犯的靖国神社,却不断有日本政治人物前往参拜。
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近期日本媒体和地方机构已陆续进入“原爆日”纪念报道与活动预热阶段,包括长崎原爆死没者名簿书写、广岛和平纪念式典安排。
这一矛盾图景揭示了日本战争记忆的深层结构:日本社会记得战争,甚至真诚地怀有对战争的恐惧,却并未同等程度地铭记日本曾经如何发动战争、如何侵略亚洲各国、如何对他国人民造成巨大伤害。换言之,日本社会的现状并不是简单的“遗忘战争”,而是“选择性记忆战争”。
许多日本人能够从原子弹爆炸、本土空袭、冲绳战役、战败创伤和战后困顿中感知战争的苦难,却未必能从殖民统治、南京大屠杀、慰安妇、强制劳工和东南亚战场暴行中理解日本的加害责任。对于日本社会而言,当前历史认识问题的核心,不是是否记住战争,而是记住了谁的痛苦、淡忘了谁的苦难。
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在日本东京,一名男子展示旭日旗,人们排队参拜备受争议的靖国神社。图源:路透社
首先,这种记忆分化与日本历史教育的结构性缺陷有关。
日本学校教育并非完全回避二战历史。日本财团2025年面向18岁青年的调查显示,约95%的受访者表示学习过“太平洋战争”相关内容,其中约三分之二的人称相关记忆主要来自学校课堂。
从表面数据看,日本青年并非没有接受过战争相关的历史教育,但更关键的问题在于,他们接受的历史教育呈现出怎样的叙事取向。同一调查显示,在给日本青年留下深刻印象的战争题材作品中,《萤火虫之墓》以42.2%的比例位居第一。[2] 该作品主要聚焦战争末期日本普通平民,尤其是儿童在空袭、饥饿和社会秩序崩溃中的苦难。
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日本民众关于“特别留在记忆中的二战相关书籍、漫画和电影”的调查结果。数据显示,《萤火虫之墓》占比最高,整体为42.2%;其次为《赤脚阿元》20.1%;《安妮日记》8.5%;《没有大象的动物园》7.7%;《战场钢琴家》1.4%。这些作品大多聚焦原爆、空袭、战时苦难、纳粹迫害等战争受害经验。
这类受害记忆本身并非虚假,它具有真实的反战价值。但问题在于,如果战争历史教育主要围绕日本人的受害经验展开,就容易让学生形成“战争让日本遭受苦难”的直观印象,而难以建立“日本曾对亚洲造成深重伤害”的责任意识。日本青年可以被灌输“战争可怕”、“和平可贵”的价值判断,却未被充分引导去追问三个更为根本的问题:日本为什么发动战争?亚洲各国人民如何承受日本侵略的后果?战后日本为什么需要持续进行历史反省?因此,日本历史教育中的真正缺口,不是战争记忆的绝对缺失,而是“和平教育”与“责任教育”的严重脱节。
其次,日本社会的公共战争记忆长期呈现“受害中心化”的叙事特征。
广岛与长崎的原子弹爆炸、东京大轰炸、冲绳战役和战后重建,构成了日本民众认知战争的主要叙事入口。这些记忆本身具有历史真实性,原爆和空袭造成的平民苦难也理应被铭记。但问题在于,当受害记忆脱离加害责任的维度,就会形成道德认知上的错位:日本民众真切感知战争的残酷性,却难以理解亚洲邻国为什么反复要求日本反省;日本社会普遍将自身视为战争受害者,却不愿直面日本作为侵略者和加害者的历史身份。
这种受害中心化的记忆,随着代际更替呈现出进一步固化的趋势。战后八十余年,战争亲历者群体大幅缩减,基于个体经验的直接战争记忆正逐渐淡出日本社会场域。当家庭记忆、亲历者证言和面对面的历史口述逐步退场,学校、媒体、博物馆、影视作品和政治话语便成为塑造战争记忆的主要渠道。谁掌握这些渠道,谁就更能决定日本社会记住什么、淡忘什么、如何理解历史。
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日本天皇及其家人悼念长崎原子弹爆炸遇难者。
再次,日本政治格局中长期存在的保守化趋势,是历史责任认知分化的重要推力。
自民党长期执政的政治格局,使右翼历史观拥有远强于左翼和致力于历史反思的公民力量的制度影响力。战后日本并非没有形成过比较明确的反省性历史表述。1993年的河野谈话和1995年的村山谈话,都在一定程度上展现了日本政府的反省姿态。
然而,这些构成日本官方历史反省基础的表述,在后续日本政治右倾保守化的过程中不断被稀释、搁置和重构。2015年安倍晋三发表的战后70年谈话,一方面宣称继承历代内阁立场,另一方面又强调“不能让与战争无关的后代继续背负道歉的宿命”。这种说法表面上并未完全否定历史责任,但实际上已经把历史责任的内涵从“持续反省”置换为“到此为止”。
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2015年8月14日,日本时任首相安倍晋三在东京首相官邸发表战后70年谈话。该谈话一方面宣称继承历代内阁立场,另一方面强调“不应让与战争无关的后代继续背负道歉的宿命”,引发亚洲邻国及国际舆论关注。图源:ANN
日本保守政治并不总是直接否认历史事实,而是更擅长通过模糊叙事和转移焦点的方式来淡化历史责任。例如,用“继承历代内阁立场”的模糊表述回避重新明确道歉;用“后代不应继续背负道歉宿命”的论调切断历史责任的代际延续;用“周边安全环境恶化”的叙事把历史反思问题转化为防卫政策问题。经过这些话语转换,历史责任不再是约束日本避免重蹈覆辙的道德底线,反而被塑造为阻碍日本成为“正常国家”的历史包袱。
社会舆论环境的变化进一步放大了这种转向。近年来,日本社会对周边安全环境的焦虑明显上升,这给右翼历史叙事的扩散提供了现实土壤。日本财团2026年面向17至19岁青年关于国家安全问题的调查显示,认为日本国际环境“和平”的比例从2023年的约64%下降到2026年的48%;在被问及维持日本和平的因素时,“自卫队的存在”占比上升9.2%至34%,跃居第二;对于增加国防开支,35%的受访者表示赞成,24%表示反对,“不知道”的比例达到41%。[3]
日本社会正处于和平主义传统与日益加剧的安全焦虑之间的张力中,这一态势为右翼政府操纵历史叙事操作提供了空间:通过持续渲染外部威胁,就可以把“不要再战”的和平记忆改写为“必须备战”的安全逻辑;通过不断强调现实安全压力,就可以把历史责任描绘成束缚日本行动能力的历史包袱。
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图表为日本财团第79回“国家安全保障”18岁意识调查中关于“增加国防开支政策”的态度分布。数据显示,10.6%受访者表示“赞成”,23.9%表示“比较赞成”,合计赞成比例为34.5%;18.0%表示“比较反对”,6.4%表示“反对”,合计反对比例为24.4%。
综合来看,当代日本社会在战争记忆与历史责任认知上的分化,既不能简单归因于公众记忆的自然淡化,也不能仅从代际更替的维度加以解释。本质上,这是历史教育中的选择性叙事、公共记忆的受害中心化、保守政治的长期干预、社会安全焦虑的持续上升等多重因素共同作用的结果。日本民众记住了战争带来的伤痛,却没有同等充分地记住日本国家机器对他国造成的伤害;日本社会保留了反战的话语表达,却没有始终坚守反省历史责任的政治内核。
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东京书店出版的初中历史教科书《新版:新社会研究史》和令和书店出版的《国民史教科书(第七版)》。图源:新华社
历史认识从来不只是关于过去的争论,它深刻塑造着一个国家如何理解自身、如何看待邻国、如何选择未来道路。日本社会对战争性质和历史责任的认知分化,表面呈现为历史叙事的分裂,实质上关系到战后日本能否以真正的反省意识维系其和平国家身份。
日本社会并没有彻底遗忘战争,但是在右翼政治的引导下,其记忆重心正逐渐倒向“日本如何受害”的单向叙事,而淡化“日本为何加害”的历史反思;其和平话语仍停留在“战争不能再发生”的表层认知,却回避“是谁挑起战争”的责任追问。当战争记忆不再通向历史反思,而是被重构为国家军事正常化的话语工具,日本战后和平主义的根基便正在被逐渐掏空。
参考资料:
[1] NHK,“NHK世論調査“日本の侵略だった” 半数近く「わからない」”, 2026年3月25日,https://news.web.nhk/newsweb/na/nb-5090034529。
[2]日本财团,“日本財団18歳意識調査結果 第71回テーマ「戦後80年」”,2025年7月25日,https://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/who/news/pr/2025/20250725-114026.html。
[3]日本财团,“日本財団18歳意識調査結果 第79回テーマ「国家安全保障」”,2026年4月30日,https://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/who/news/pr/2026/20260430-121687.html。
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徐伟钧 华南理工大学公共政策研究院 副研究员
本文英文版于2026年7月7日发表于CGTN网站。以下为原英文报道,供读者对照参考(请上下滑动查看)。
In March 2026, an opinion poll conducted by the Japan Broadcasting Corporation revealed a thought-provoking result. When asked whether World War II was "a war of aggression launched by Japan against its Asian neighbors," only 35% of respondents agreed, 16% disagreed, and as many as 48% answered "I don't know." These figures reflect not merely a gap in historical knowledge, but also a deep rupture between war memory and the perception of historical responsibility in contemporary Japanese society.
Contemporary Japanese society does not lack memories of the war. In post-war Japanese public life, there have always been numerous war-related commemorative ceremonies, peace education and narratives of the atomic bombings. At the same time, however, Japanese politicians have repeatedly visited Yasukuni Shrine, which enshrines Class-A war criminals and is widely regarded as a symbol of Japanese militarism and historical revisionism.
This contradictory picture reveals the underlying structure of Japan's war memory: Japanese society remembers the war, and even harbors a genuine fear of it, yet it has not recalled to the same extent how Japan launched the war, how it invaded Asian countries, and how it inflicted enormous suffering on the peoples of those countries. In other words, the current situation in Japanese society is not simply "forgetting the war," but rather "selectively remembering the war."
Many Japanese people can perceive the suffering of war through the atomic bombings, the Battle of Okinawa and the trauma of defeat, yet they may not necessarily understand Japan's responsibility as a perpetrator through the lens of colonial rule, the Nanjing Massacre and the atrocities committed on battlefields in Southeast Asia. For Japanese society, the core issue regarding historical understanding lies not in whether the war is remembered, but in whose suffering is remembered and whose is forgotten.
Structural flaws
This divergence in memory is first related to structural flaws in Japan's history education.
Japanese school education system does not entirely avoid the history of WWII. A 2025 survey of 18-year-olds conducted by the Nippon Foundation found that about 95% of respondents stated they had learned about the "Pacific War," and two-thirds said their memories of the war mainly came from classes in school.
The more critical question, however, is the narrative framework through which this history is presented. The same survey found that among war-themed works that left a deep impression on Japanese youth, Grave of the Fireflies ranked first with 42.2%. This work mainly focuses on the suffering of ordinary Japanese civilians, particularly children, amid air raids and starvation during the final months of WWII.
Such memories of victimhood are not inaccurate; they carry genuine anti-war value. But the problem is that if education about war history mainly revolves around Japanese experiences of victimhood, it can easily lead students to form an intuitive impression that "the war brought suffering to Japan," while making it difficult for them to develop a sense of responsibility that "Japan inflicted profound suffering on Asia."
Japanese youth might be instilled with value judgments such as "war is terrible" and "peace is precious," but they are not sufficiently guided to ask three more fundamental questions: Why did Japan launch the war? How did the peoples of Asian countries bear the consequences of Japanese aggression? Why does post-war Japan need to continue engaging in historical reflection?
'Victim-centered' narrative
Second, public memories of the war in Japanese society have long been characterized by a "victim-centered" narrative. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Great Tokyo Air Raid, the Battle of Okinawa, and post-war reconstruction constitute the primary narrative entry points through which the Japanese public perceives the war. The deeper challenge lies beneath these historical memories. When the memory of victimhood is detached from the dimension of perpetrator responsibility, it creates a moral cognitive dislocation: the Japanese public can genuinely perceive the cruelty of war, yet find it difficult to understand why neighboring Asian countries repeatedly demand that Japan reflect on its past. The Japanese society is unwilling to confront Japan's historical identity as an aggressor and perpetrator.
These victim-centered memories have become further entrenched amid generational change. More than 80 years after the war, the number of people with first-hand wartime experience has sharply declined, and direct war memory based on individual experience is gradually fading from Japanese society. Meanwhile, schools, the media, museums, and political discourse have become the primary channels for shaping war memory. Whoever controls these channels is better positioned to determine what Japanese society remembers, what it forgets, and how it understands history.
A conservative political landscape
Third, the long-term trend toward political conservatism in Japan has been an important driving force behind the divergence in perceptions of historical responsibility. The political landscape characterized by the Liberal Democratic Party's long-standing dominance has granted right-wing historical perspectives institutional influence far greater than that of left-wing and civic forces engaged in reflection.
Japanese conservative politics does not always directly deny historical facts. Rather, it is more adept at defusing historical responsibility by obscuring narratives and shifting the focus. For example, vague phrasing such as "upholding the positions of previous cabinets" is used to avoid reaffirming an apology, and the argument that "future generations should not be destined to apologize" is employed to cut off the intergenerational continuity of historical responsibility. Through these shifts in discourse, historical responsibility is no longer a moral baseline constraining Japan from repeating past mistakes. Instead, it has been framed as a historical burden hindering Japan's path to becoming a "normal country."
Historical understanding is never merely a debate about the past. It profoundly shapes how a country understands itself, views its neighbors, and chooses its future path. The divergence within Japanese society regarding the nature of the war and historical responsibility appears on the surface as a split in historical narratives. But in essence, it concerns whether post-war Japan can maintain its identity as a peaceful nation through a genuine consciousness of reflection.
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