2023年北京卷阅读理解C篇【技巧总结】

2023年北京卷阅读理解C篇

【1】In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.

【2】It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.

【3】These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.” Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.

【4】As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.

28.The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to __________.

A. draw a comparison

B. introduce a topic

C. evaluate a statement

D. highlight a problem

29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. Climate change has been forgotten.

B. Lessons of history are highly valued.

C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.

D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.

30.What does the author intend to tell us?

A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.

B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.

C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.

D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.

28题：The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to __________.

A. draw a comparison

B. introduce a topic

C. evaluate a statement

D. highlight a problem

刘凯老师总结-实战口诀

"引用为证，服务主旨；位置定功能，内容定态度"

引用名人名言在议论文中通常起佐证、强调、具体化作用

看引用位置：此处引用在首段末尾，前面已有主题句，后面是展开论述

看引用内容："only the present exists" "cruelty of the instant" "boredom of an unending now"——全是负面描述
致命陷阱B：很多考生机械记忆"开头引用=引出话题"，但本题引用前已有明确主题句，引用是递进强化，而非首次提出。

文本维度：首段结构：①提出核心问题（short-termism是重大问题）→ ②具体解释（ inability导致严重后果）→ ③引用佐证（Francis Cole描述"当下"的残酷与无聊）。引用是对①②的文学化重述

逻辑维度：引用内容"only the present exists" = 对"short-termism"的同义转述；"cruelty""boredom" = 对"significant problem"的情感强化。功能=强调问题的严重性

命题维度：正确选项D中的"highlight"精准对应引用的强调功能，"problem"精准对应文章核心议题。A、B、C的动词均与引用功能不符

刘凯老师汇总 解题技巧总结/黄金原则

【引用功能判断法】

1.看位置：段首引用→可能引出话题；段中/段末引用→通常佐证观点

2.看内容：引用内容与前后文是同向（强化）还是反向（转折/反驳）

3.看态度：引用中的情感色彩词（cruelty/boredom）直接提示作者态度

4.黄金原则：引用从不孤立存在，必服务于段落主旨或全文主旨

29题：What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. Climate change has been forgotten.

B. Lessons of history are highly valued.

C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.

D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.

刘凯老师总结-实战口诀

"推断=言外之意，非原文照搬；末段必扣主旨，事例服务于观点"

最后一段核心：collective "poor memory" + ** generational blindness**

关键例证：老人记得满挡风玻璃的昆虫 vs 孩子不知道昆虫数量剧减

变化特点：缓慢、渐进、跨代际——所以人们察觉不到

致命陷阱A：气候 change 只是引入话题的钩子，真正论证的是人类对渐进式环境变化的感知缺陷。

文本维度：末段结构：①比喻引入（climate change作为"完美武器"）→ ②核心观点（collective "poor memory"）→ ③具体例证（昆虫数量变化的代际认知差异）。例证的关键在于变化是gradual的，所以察觉不到

逻辑维度：老人vs孩子的对比 → 同一现象在不同时间点的认知基线差异 → 证明变化是缓慢到无法被单一代际察觉 → 推断出人类认知系统的时间尺度缺陷

命题维度：C选项"bad at noting slow change"精准概括了"collective poor memory"的本质。A选项是例子层面，C选项是原理层面——推断题要的是抽象概括，而非具体事实

刘凯老师汇总 解题技巧总结/黄金原则

【末段推断三原则】

1.例子≠答案：末段的具体事例（climate change/昆虫）是论据，答案要在论点中找

2.变化速度是关键：slow-burning/gradual/dramatically but unnoticed → 核心在slow

3.代际对比=认知基线漂移：新老一代对同一现象的不同认知 → 证明变化缓慢到跨越代际

4.黄金原则：推断题的答案必须是原文"可生长"出的结论，而非原文已明说的信息

30题：What does the author intend to tell us?

A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.

B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.

C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.

D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.

刘凯老师总结-实战口诀

"作者意图=全文主旨的正面表达；问题-解决型文章，答案在'解药'里"

全文结构：提出问题（short-termism是严重问题）→ 分析问题（心理偏见的多种表现）→ 暗示解决方向（需要关注长期）

作者意图 = 对问题的回应/解决方案

致命陷阱B：sacrifices是原文高频词，但原文是否定（unwillingness），选项是肯定（tend to），一正一反，天差地别。

文本维度：全文核心矛盾：短期偏向（short-termism/bias towards the present） vs 长期后果（longer-term causes/climate change/biodiversity collapse）。作者意图必然是倡导转向长期思考

逻辑维度：文章是问题-分析型结构，未明确给出解决方案，但通过对问题的反复强调（significant problem/serious problems/cruelty/boredom），隐含呼吁读者重视长期视角

命题维度：A选项"Far-sighted thinking"是"short-termism"的完美反义替换，"matters"对应全文的危机叙事（problem/collapse/cruelty）。B、C、D均存在与原文矛盾或无中生有的问题

刘凯老师汇总-解题技巧总结/黄金原则

【作者意图题破解法】

1.识别文章结构：问题-分析-（隐含解决）型文章，答案 = 问题的反面

2.警惕原文词陷阱：sacrifices/bias/desires等原文词出现≠正确，要看搭配和方向

3.反义替换优先：正确选项往往是核心议题（short-termism）的反义表达（far-sighted thinking）

4.黄金原则：作者意图题的答案必须与全文主旨同向，与问题定义反向——批判什么就倡导什么，担忧什么就重视什么

刘凯老师-终极黄金原则：

"北京卷C篇，四句定生死"

首句定主旨（short-termism is a significant problem）

末句定基调（only the present exists...boredom）

题题扣主旨，选项看方向

正确选项必含"长期/短期"维度，错误选项必在此维度上矛盾或偏离