2024年北京卷阅读理解D篇
【1】Franz Boas’s description ofInuit(因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.
【2】The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.
【3】The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.
【4】Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.
32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code?
A. Living conditions were the drive.
B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Social tradition was the basis.
D. Honesty was the key.
33. What can we learn from this passage?
A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies.
B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-control.
D. Written laws have great influence on virtues.
34. Which would be the best title for this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures.
B. The Values of Self-discipline.
C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos.
D. The Roots of Morality.
题目解析:我很努力地在尽量不改动原句结构和尽量不做过多意译的前提下,把2024年北京卷的D篇文章翻译成了中文,结果就是,我看着中文也不知道自己到底在说些什么……
我不但不知道这篇文章在说什么,而且也不太确定这篇文章是一篇议论文还是一篇说明文。开篇的“因纽特人”肯定是个引出文章主题的例子,随后作者好像是在发表自己的观点,又好像是在对某个客观的现象或概念进行说明。文章里也没有特别明显的短段落,最后一段也许相对短一些,但是里面仍然有一大堆似是而非的话语。另外,无论是开头还是结尾,都没有看到特别明显的转折之类的标志词引导我去关注重要信息。换句话说,这文章的四大段摆在这里,就好像一块密不透风的铁板,什么解题切入点都没有。
但是,就算这篇文章难度再高,它也是一篇高考的阅读理解,更直接点说,它也是一篇文章,是文章就要符合文章基本的写作原理。一篇文章必然有内容主题,必然有写作目的,必然有重要信息,我看不出来只是我看不出来,但是这些方面一定存在,否则这就不是一篇合格的文章,更不可能成为高考的阅读理解。
文章的重要信息必然有自己与众不同的地方,比如在重要的位置,比如旁边有重要的标志,比如在文章里会多次重复。在这篇文章里,你在段首段尾看不到明显的重要语句,在首尾段看不到明显的标志词,但是失效的只是前两点而已。如果你关注到了文章里的重复现象,你就会发现,文章第一段到第二段开头重复了四次“moral 道德的”,文章第二段到第四段里重复了十一次“social 社会的、社交的”,这就是文章的重要信息。
是的,这篇文章不管怎么读,只需要你知道两件事:
其一,第一段是个例子,讲述的是和因纽特人的道德moral有关的事。
其二,第二段至第四段是文章的主体部分,讲述的是和社会、社交social有关的事。
知道这些就够了,去做题拿分吧!
32题 细节题
What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code?关于因纽特人道德规范的形成,可以推断出什么?
A. Living conditions were the drive.生存环境是推动因素。
B. Unwritten rules were the target.不成文的规则是其目标。
C. Social tradition was the basis.社会传统是其基础。
D. Honesty was the key.诚实是关键。
题目问到因纽特人相关的细节,解题依据肯定去文章首段里找。虽然首段内容略显复杂,但是我们可以试着分析一下每个句子到底在发挥什么样的作用,从而确定这道题的细节应该定位哪句话。第一段的内容结构如下:
Franz Boas’s description of Inuit life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.引出第一段的例子
Here, norms were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart.第一段的总括句
Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions.具体细节,“不诚实、暴力、领导品质、婚姻、与其它群体的互动”都是具体事例
Conflict was often resolved in musical battles.具体细节,“冲突”也是具体事例
Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged.具体细节,“愤怒的争执”还是具体事例
With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.第一段的总结句
你会发现整段话就是非常清晰的总分总的结构:“因纽特人体现了早期人类的道德准则——这些准则是深刻理解并且牢记于心的——具体在几个不同方面的表现——因为生活条件恶劣,他们对道德务实的做法是合理的”。
回到题目上来,32题提问的是“因纽特人道德准则的形成”,而第一段的哪个句子与这种道德准则的成因关系最密切呢?当然是最后一句。他们这种务实的道德准则,伴随的是加拿大北部“unforgiving 难应付”和“demanding 要求苛刻”的生活条件,那么正确答案对应的就是A选项“生活条件是驱动力”。
这道题在网上几乎所有的地方给出的答案都是C选项“社会传统是其基础”,在第一段中,我们也确实能看到许多和“传统”相关的内容,也就是人们在遇到一些具体情况时通常会“怎么做”,但是这与因纽特人道德准则的形成,也就是人们“为什么要这么做”没有关联。如果把题目改为“What can be inferred about the Inuit’s moral code? 因纽特人的道德准则可以推断出什么”,或许C选项也能成立,但是题目问到的是“forming 形成”,是背后的成因,那么C选项就不成立了。你不能用具体表现来解释为什么会有这种表现。剩下的B选项“不成文的规则是其目标”和D选项“诚实是关键”也同样都是道德准则的具体表现,是比较容易排除的。
最后,因纽特人的生活条件决定了他们的道德准则,其实就是social层面的原因决定了moral层面的规矩。这两个层面是文章的重点,也是作者通过因纽特人的例子要在文章后几段里说明的重要主题。
33题 细节题:What can we learn from this passage?我们可以从文章中了解什么?
A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies.不方便是说谎的原因。
B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms.基本的人类需求促成了普遍的规范。
C. Language capacity is limited by self-control.语言能力受到自我控制力的限制。
D. Written laws have great influence on virtues.成文的法律对美德有很大影响。
这种概括式提问的题目,最基础的思路就是去文章里一个一个地对照细节,这个过程可能会遇到理解方面的障碍,也会消耗掉更多的时间。更加合理的思路是仔细阅读选项,从中挑选与文章主题相关的重要信息,同时排除明显违背主题或与主题无关或不合理的选项。
首先需要排除的就是A选项“不方便是说谎的原因”,这是完全不合理的表述,而且诚实与否也根本不是文章的重点。其次要排除的是D选项“成文的法律对美德有很大影响”,同样是不合理的表述,道德是人们内心的行为准则,是任何法律条文无法约束或影响的。
剩下的两个选项里,C选项是比较容易定位的,因为“language capacity 语言能力”和“self-control ”都出现在全文的尾段。但是C选项最关键的一点在于,“语言能力受到自我控制力的限制”相当于我们的语言能力受到了制约,这是一个负态度的语句。而全文最后一句中写到的是“这些能力通过我们的语言能力得到了增强”,内容与感情色彩均不相符,所以排除C选项。
通过认真阅读选项和简单的文章内容定位,这道题的正确答案最终为B选项“基本的人类需求促成了普遍的规范”。也许你不能理解这句话到底在说什么,但是说到“基本的人类需求”,除了满足基本身体机能的需求以外,精神层面的基本需求就是对人最基本的品质德行的要求。而对于人类的“普遍规范”,除了人作为社会动物必须要遵循的社会准则之外,能够称之为普遍规范的,仍然是最基本的品质德行的规矩。也就是说,B选项虽然没有明确提到moral的字样,但是讲述的就是moral的概念,是四个选项里与文章主题关系最密切的选项。
34题 主旨题:Which would be the best title for this passage?以下哪一项最适合作为本文的标题?
A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures.美德:跨文化的桥梁。
B. The Values of Self-discipline.自律的价值。
C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos.大脑:抵御混乱的屏障。
D. The Roots of Morality.道德的根源。
绝大多数的文章标题是通过首尾段得到的,但是这篇文章的首尾段理解有难度,捕捉重要信息也有难度,所以我们仍然按照全文最重要的事来考虑即可——文章的标题一定与moral和social有关。由此可以排除B选项“自律的价值”和C选项“大脑:抵御混乱的屏障”,这两个选项与文章的主题毫无关系。
与主题相关的只剩下了A选项“美德:跨文化的桥梁”和D选项“道德的根源”。如果选择A选项,文章里必定大量出现不同国家或不同民族之间的跨文化交流,但是文章主体部分里没有出现任何一个国家或民族的名字,开头的因纽特人也只是个例子,所以排除A选项,正确答案为D选项。
各位同学还可以再结合一下前两道题的考察方向,来确定这篇文章的标题到底是什么。32题考到因纽特人道德准则是如何形成的,33题的正确答案告诉你普遍规范来自于人类的基本需求,两道题考查的其实都与一件事有关,就是D选项“道德的起源”。
直接理解文章并选出这道题的正确答案是相当有难度的,但是通过对重要信息的把握可以有效地排除干扰项,通过发掘不同题目内在统一的考察逻辑可以确定文章的主题方向,从而帮助你得到正确答案。阅读理解的难题需要的就是这种解题思路的综合运用。
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