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导语:关键矿产已成为美国人工智能、半导体、新能源、高端制造和国防工业体系不可或缺的战略资源。为摆脱对华依赖,特朗普政府动员大规模产业政策,并加强与盟友合作,试图重建“去中国化”的稀土供应链。近日,中国国务院公布《中华人民共和国矿产资源法实施条例》,明确自2026年6月15日起施行。新条例进一步将矿产资源,特别是战略性矿产资源,纳入国家安全、产业链供应链安全和应急保障体系之中。
IPP助理研究员庄文越在接受《南华早报》采访时表示,新条例表明,中国已将战略矿产资源的利用和保障提升到经济安全与国家安全层面,强调国内供应、战略管理、储备建设和环境保护,并着力加强从勘探、采矿、生产、供应、储备到销售的全流程协调。
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在地缘政治竞争不断加剧之际,中国将资源安全置于优先位置。中国将通过一套新的法规,加强对包括稀土在内的矿产资源的战略管控,并统筹采矿、加工、利用和储备等环节。
2026年5月15日,国务院总理李强签署第839号国务院令,公布《中华人民共和国矿产资源法实施条例》(以下简称《条例》),自2026年6月15日起施行。《条例》提出了建设更加安全的关键矿产储备体系的原则,并纳入了提高应急准备能力的相关规定。
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这一举措出台之际,北京对稀土实施的出口管制,已经成为中美贸易与技术竞争中的一项重要工具。尤其是自2025年4月以来,在美国总统特朗普推出“解放日”关税后,中国随即出台了相关限制措施。在特朗普上周高调访华之后,白宫于周日表示,中国将“回应美国对稀土和其他关键矿产供应链短缺问题的关切”。
华南理工大学公共政策研究院(IPP)助理研究员庄文越表示,这些条例将授权中国国务院识别关键矿产,并实施规划管控、限制措施和采矿许可管理;其中,《条例》第五条以及其他条款对多数关键矿产作出了详细规定。
庄文越表示:
“中国已将战略矿产资源的利用和保障提升到经济安全与国家安全层面,强调国内供应、战略管理和储备,同时重视环境保护。”
他补充说:
“总体目标是加强从勘探、采矿、生产、供应、储备到销售的全流程协调。”
他指出,北京也在为采矿或生产中断的情况制定应急预案。
目前,中国在稀土开采和加工领域保持主导地位。稀土对电子产品、家用电器、机器人以及先进武器等多个领域都至关重要。
根据美国地质调查局的数据,中国拥有世界上已知规模最大的稀土储量,估计达4400万吨,并且仍在继续扩大国内产量。上个月,中国稀土永磁体出口总量为5126.3吨,较3月下降2.1%,但同比增长94.8%。
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从2019年到2026年4月的稀土磁体出口情况。图源:路透社
不过,庄文越表示,新条例也反映出北京在保障其他矿产供应方面的更广泛的战略。他说:
“当其他国家在稀土问题上看向中国时,中国在铁矿石、铜、镍等矿产需求上同样依赖进口,这一点与石油类似。”
他表示:
“新条例是中国建设储备能力和韧性努力的一部分,因为国内供应若出现重大短缺,可能会影响人工智能和新能源转型。”
他补充说,这部法律将取代20世纪80年代和90年代出台的过时采矿及资源管理规则,并将提高所有权、采矿权和环境保护等方面的标准。
*以下为原英文报道,供读者对照参考(请上下滑动查看)。
China will strengthen strategic control over its mineral resources – including rare earths – through a new set of regulations that coordinate mining, processing, utilisation and stockpiling, as policymakers prioritise resource security amid intensifying geopolitical competition.
The 79-article regulations on implementing the new mineral resources law were promulgated by Premier Li Qiang and will take effect on June 15. They set out principles or building a more secure reserve system for critical minerals and include provisions to improve emergency preparedness.
The move comes as Beijing’s export controls on rare earths have become an important tool in its trade and technology rivalry with the United States, particularly since April 2025 when restrictions were imposed following US President Donald Trump’s “Liberation Day” tariffs.
Following Trump’s high-stakes visit to China last week, the White House said on Sunday that China would “address US concerns over supply chain shortages of rare earths and other critical minerals” cabinet, to identify critical minerals and enforce planning controls, restrictions and mining authorisations, with Article 5 and other clauses including detailed stipulations on most critical minerals.
“Beijing has elevated using and securing strategic mineral resources to an economic and national security level, stressing internal supply, strategic management and hoarding as well as environmental protection,” Zhuang said.
“The overarching goal is to strengthen whole-process coordination from exploration, mining, production, supply, storage and sales,” he added, noting that Beijing was also preparing contingency plans in the event mining or production were disrupted.
China maintains a dominant position in the mining and processing of rare earths, which are essential to sectors ranging from electronics and home appliances to robotics and advanced weaponry.
The country holds the world’s largest known reserves, estimated at 44 million metric tons according to the US Geological Survey, and has continued to scale up domestic production. Overall exports of rare earth permanent magnets totalled 5,126.3 tonnes last month, down 2.1 per cent from March but up 94.8 per cent compared with the same month last year.
However, Zhuang said the new regulations also reflected Beijing’s broader push to secure supplies of other minerals. “While others look to China for rare earths, China also relies on imports for its needs in iron ore, copper, nickel and others, much like oil,” he said.
“The new regulation forms part of efforts to build reserves and resilience as significant domestic supply shortfalls could impact AI and the new energy transition.”
The law would replace outdated mining and resource management rules introduced in the 1980s and 1990s, he added, and would raise standards for ownership, mining rights and environmental protection.
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原报道于2026年5月22日刊登于《南华早报》官网,原标题为“China moves to secure critical mineral supply chain with sweeping new framework”。
IPP公共关系与传播中心
排版 | 周浩锴
校对 | 刘 深
终审 | 刘金程
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受访人
庄文越 华南理工大学公共政策研究院(IPP) 助理研究员
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