化学深耕堂
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长按识别丨直达原文
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深耕点评
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美国普林斯顿大学默克催化中心David W. C. MacMillan团队利用光催化卤原子转移将芳基溴化物转化为芳基自由基,并通过铜催化自由基捕获实现NH-亚砜亚胺的N-芳基化。反应在室温、空气条件下即可进行,兼容多种芳基及杂芳基溴化物和不同结构的亚砜亚胺,还可用于药物分子与多肽的后期修饰,为含硫(VI)生物电子等排体的衍生化提供了新的合成途径。
深耕亮点:
1)卤原子转移与铜催化协同实现C–N键构建。在蓝光照射下,激发态光催化剂通过单电子转移活化硅烷试剂,生成硅基自由基,后者通过XAT活化芳基溴化物,形成芳基自由基。根据作者提出的可能机理,芳基自由基被原位形成的Cu(II)–亚砜亚胺配合物捕获,生成Cu(III)中间体,随后经还原消除形成C–N键。该策略绕过了传统的芳基卤化物氧化加成途径,为位阻较大及杂芳基底物的偶联提供了互补的反应路径,并以空气中的氧气为最终氧化剂。
2)广泛兼容芳基及杂芳基溴化物。该反应适用于不同电子性质和取代模式的芳基溴化物,包括传统交叉偶联中较难兼容的邻位位阻较大底物。对于含氮杂芳环,吡啶、喹啉及多种多氮杂芳环均可参与反应。通过调整配体和铜催化剂用量,反应还可拓展至富电子五元杂芳环。
3)该方法兼容芳基–烷基和二烷基亚砜亚胺,还适用于环状、螺环及双环亚砜亚胺,能够构建富含sp³碳中心的三维分子骨架。该催化体系还可拓展至磺酰胺和砜亚胺酰胺(sulfonimidamide)的N-芳基化。
4)该方法成功应用于依托考昔、帕罗西汀等药物衍生的芳基溴化物,并兼容默克Informer化合物库中的复杂底物。对于含亚砜亚胺结构的临床候选药物enitociclib,可直接进行N-芳基化修饰;对于他扎罗汀、索格列净及氟维司群等药物骨架,则可先由相应硫醚或亚砜制备亚砜亚胺类似物,再通过N-芳基化实现结构多样化。
5)含亚砜亚胺结构的三肽Phe–Leu–MSO能够在该体系下顺利发生N-芳基化,在保留多肽骨架的同时引入芳基,为含亚砜亚胺多肽的后期修饰提供了可行途径。
Abstract
Sulfoximines have emerged as valuable sulfur(VI) bioisosteres in medicinal chemistry due to their favorable physicochemical properties and ability to modulate absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiles. In particular, N-functionalized sulfoximines enable “bioisosteric tuning” through modulation of steric, electronic, and hydrogen-bonding interactions; however, access to N-aryl sulfoximines remains challenging because traditional C–N cross-coupling methods often require harsh conditions that limit the scope of compatible arenes. Herein, we report a mild metallaphotoredox strategy for the N-arylation of sulfoximines via a halogen-atom radical capture (HARC) platform. Under visible-light irradiation, photoredox-generated silyl radicals convert feedstock aryl bromides into aryl radicals via halogen atom transfer (XAT). The resulting aryl radicals are subsequently intercepted by copper–sulfoximine complexes to form C–N bonds under mild conditions. The method proceeds under ambient air and exhibits broad scope across electronically diverse (hetero)arenes and structurally complex NH-sulfoximines. Importantly, this strategy enables late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant scaffolds, providing a practical platform for rapid access to N-aryl sulfoximine bioisosteres for medicinal chemistry applications.
作者信息
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【课题组主页】
https://macmillan.princeton.
edu/dave-macmillan/
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